Hero's Day

Events 10 November

Battle of Surabaya was the historical event of war between the Indonesian army and Dutch troops. This great event occurred on November 10, 1945 in the city of Surabaya, East Java. This battle was the first war of Indonesian forces with foreign troops after the Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia and one of the largest and heaviest battles in the history of the Indonesian National Revolution who became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance against colonialism.

Chronology of events causes

The arrival of Japanese troops to Indonesia

Dated March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later on March 8, 1945, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to the Japanese by appointment Kalidjati. After the unconditional surrender proficiency level, Indonesia was formally occupied by the Japanese.

Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of atomic bombs (by the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. In the foreign power vacuum, then Soekarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945.

The arrival of the British Army & the Netherlands

After the defeat of the Japanese, the people of Indonesia and the fighters tried to disarm the Japanese army. Hence the battles that took the lives in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were blazing, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, then landed in Surabaya on October 25, 1945. The British are coming to Indonesia joined in AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) on the decision and on behalf of the Allies Block, with the task to disarm the Japanese army, freeing the prisoners of war who were detained Japan, and repatriate the Japanese troops to his country. But other than that the British soldiers who came to restore Indonesia's mission to bring the administration of the Dutch as the Dutch East Indies colony. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) joined the entourage of piggybacking on the British army for the purpose. This triggered the turmoil of the people of Indonesia and Indonesia led to the movement of popular resistance everywhere against the army and the NICA AFNEI.

Incident at Hotel Yamato, Tunjungan, Surabaya

After the emergence of the Indonesian government edict dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that beginning 1 September 1945 the national flag hoisted the Red and White Saka continued in all parts of Indonesia, the movement of the flag raising was further extended to all corners of the city of Surabaya. Movement of a flag-raising climax in Surabaya incident occurred on tearing the flag in Yamato Hoteru / Hotel Yamato (named Oranje Hotel or the Hotel Orange in colonial times, now named Hotel Majapahit) on Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.
A group of Dutch people under the leadership of Mr. WVCh Ploegman on the afternoon of September 18, 1945, precisely at 21:00, flying the Dutch flag (Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of Indonesia Surabaya, on the pole at the top of Yamato Hotel, on the northern flank. The next day saw the youth Surabaya and became angry because they thought the Dutch had insulted the sovereignty of Indonesia, about to return the power back in Indonesia, and harassing the movement of the raising of the flag which is being held in Surabaya.
Shortly after mengumpulnya mass at Hotel Yamato, Resident Sudirman, warrior and diplomat who was serving as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco Gunseikan) are still recognized the government of Dai Nippon Syu Surabaya, Surabaya as well as a Resident Local Government Affairs, came through the crowd and entered Yamato escorted to the hotel and Hariyono Sidik. As a representative he conferred with Mr. RI. Ploegman and his friends and asked that immediately lowered the Dutch flag from the building Hotel Yamato. In these negotiations Ploegman refused to lower the Dutch flag and refuse to acknowledge the sovereignty of Indonesia. Negotiations took place heats up, Ploegman out a gun, and a fight broke out in the negotiating room. Ploegman died strangled by a fingerprint, which then also killed by Dutch soldiers on guard, and heard the pistol shot Ploegman, while Sudirman and Hariyono fled the Yamato Hotel. Some young men climbed to the top hotels scramble to lower the Dutch flag. Hariyono originally along Sudirman back into the hotel and is involved in climbing a flag pole and along Kusno Wibowo successfully lowered the Dutch flag, tore the blue, and mengereknya return to the top of the flagpole as the flag.
After the incident at the Yamato Hotel, on October 27, 1945 the first battle between Indonesia erupted against the British army. Small attacks in the future turned into a general attack many casualties on both sides Indonesia and England, before finally General DC Hawthorn President Sukarno asked for help to defuse the situation.

The death of Brigadier General Mallaby

After the ceasefire between the Indonesian and British soldiers signed on October 29, 1945, the state gradually subsided. Although it still occurs armed clashes between the people and the British troops in Surabaya. Armed clashes in Surabaya that culminated with the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30, 1945 approximately at 20:30. Buick carrying Brigadier General Mallaby Indonesia passed a group of militia when going through the Red Bridge. Misunderstanding leads to a shootout that ended with the death of Brigadier General Mallaby by a pistol shot a young Indonesian man who until now could not be identified, and the burning car hit by a grenade explosion that causes the body Mallaby difficult to identify. Mallaby death caused the British angry with the Indonesian side and resulted in the replacement decision Mallaby, Major-General EC Mansergh issued an ultimatum to 10 November 1945 to ask the Indonesian side handed weapons and stop fighting the army and administration AFNEI NICA.
The debate about the causes of the crossfire
Tom Driberg, a British MP from British Labour Party (Labour Party). On February 20, 1946, in the debate in British Parliament (House of Commons) doubts that the shooting was started by the Indonesian army. He said that the shooting incident was allegedly caused by a misunderstanding strong Indian forces led 20 members who started the shootout Mallaby does not know that the truce was valid because they are disconnected from the contacts and telecommunications. Here's an excerpt from Tom Driberg:
"... About 20 people (soldiers) India (British), in a building on the other side of the square, was cut off from communication by phone and did not know about the ceasefire. They shot sporadically in the mass (Indonesia). Brigadier Mallaby out of the discussion (the ceasefire), walk straight into the crowd, with great courage, and shouted to the soldiers of India to stop the shot. They obeyed him. Maybe half an hour later, the mass in the square became restive again. Brigadier Mallaby, at some point in the discussion, Indian soldiers ordered to shoot again. They opened fire with two Bren guns and mass broke up and fled for refuge; then broke again with a really intense battle. It is clear that when Brigadier Mallaby gave orders to open fire again, the actual ceasefire negotiations have been broken, at least locally. Twenty minutes to half an hour after that, he (Mallaby) unfortunately killed in a car-even if (we) are not really sure whether he was killed by the Indonesian people who approached his car; that exploded simultaneously with the attack on him (Mallaby).
I think this can not be accused of murder sneaky ... because I can quickly information from eyewitnesses, that a British officer who is really present at the scene at the time, the honest intention I had no reason to question ... "

Ultimatum 10 November 1945

 
After the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor, Maj. Gen. Mansergh issued an ultimatum stating that all the leaders and people of Indonesia are armed to report and put the gun in the place designated and submit himself to raise their hands above. Limit of the ultimatum was at 6:00 am on 10 November 1945.
The ultimatum was later regarded as an insult to the fighters and the people who have shaped many agencies struggle / militia. The ultimatum was rejected by the Indonesian side of the Republic of Indonesia on the grounds that it was already standing, and the People's Security Army (TKR) has also been established as the state troops. In addition, many organizations have formed an armed struggle of society, including among young people, students and students who oppose the entry of a ride back to the Dutch presence of British troops in Indonesia.

On 10 November morning, British troops launched a large-scale attack, which begins with the air into a bomb government buildings Surabaya, and then deploy about 30,000 infantry, a number of aircraft, tanks, and warships.
Various parts of the city of Surabaya bombarded and shot with a cannon from the sea and land. Resistance forces and militia Indonesia then raged throughout the city, with the active assistance of the population. Involvement of residents in this battle resulted in thousands of civilians falling victim in the attack, both died mupun injured.
To her surprise the British who suspect that the resistance in Surabaya can be conquered in three days, the community leaders such as Bung Tomo young pioneers who have a big impact in the community continues to drive the spirit of resistance Surabaya youth so that resistance persists in the midst of large-scale attack England. Religious leaders of the clergy as well as Java kyais cottage like KH. Hashim Ash'ari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah and other boarding kyais also exert their students-students and civil society as a militia resistance (at the time people are not so obedient to the government but they are more submissive and obedient to the religious scholars) shingga Indonesia longstanding opposition party, from day to day, from week to week to another. Resistance of the people who initially made spontaneously and not coordinated, more and more regularly. This large-scale battle to achieve up to three weeks, before the entire city of Surabaya finally fell in the hands of the British.
At least 6.000 of the Indonesian fighters were killed and 200,000 civilians fled from Surabaya. [2]. Victims of British and Indian troops about a number of 600. A bloody battle in Surabaya which took thousands of lives that have moved the people's resistance throughout Indonesia to repel the invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who are killed and civilians who were victims on the day of 10 November was later remembered as Heroes Day by Republic of Indonesia until now.